Agregador de canales de noticias
Seeding Change: Collaborations are key to enabling digital safety for African women
Raylenne Kambua, a journalist and communications officer at APC network member International Association of Women in Radio and Television-Kenya (IAWRT-K), worried about digital safety. On 28 February and 1 March 2023, Kambua attended a two-day workshop organised by another APC member, Pollicy. She had signed up because she wanted to learn skills to manage the toxicity of social media. After the workshop, she came away thinking hard about the idea of digital resilience.
This was exactly what Pollicy hoped to do. Kambua was one of about 50 journalists and social communicators from Uganda and Kenya who attended the workshop that arose out of Pollicy’s project, “The Future of Work: Improving Digital Safety for Women at Work and Combating Gendered Disinformation”. The project, supported by an APC grant, aims to build a critical mass of African women who are well-versed in digital safety, resilience and shaping a feminist internet. “When women face harassment, they feel forced to leave digital spaces,” said Kambua as she recalled the workshop. “The idea of developing digital resilience was a key takeaway.”
So what does digital resilience look like? Kambua’s response was thoughtful. “As a woman journalist, you say something. Women journalists are considered ‘vocal’. If people react to what I say online, I should step back and analyse the situation – and not react with anger or other emotions. Some of these people are just keyboard warriors. One should not be scared. Being cautious, being aware of reactions to what you say, also builds resilience. It is learnt from how you respond to abuse online. It determines the impact on you for the future. It’s a long process.”
She also spoke about actions she has taken to change online behaviour since the workshop. “Sometimes I am a content consumer and sometimes a producer. We have to be considerate. I shouldn’t bully people online, and then expect people to not be bullied. I have many friends who are Twitter influencers. I told some of them [who bully others online] not to do it. I explained how it creates a cycle and encourages others to harass people online. Some friends listened and some didn’t.” She shrugged. “For some of them all publicity is good, even bad publicity.”
Empowering women journalists in East AfricaPollicy has collaborated with organisations in Uganda and Kenya such as the IAWRT-K, Kenya, the Uganda Media Women’s Association (UMWA) and the Association of Media Women in Kenya (AMWIK) to understand how women in media can “survive the realities of the future of work”. We spoke with Pollicy’s programs coordinator, Rachel Magege, and their engagment and advocacy lead, Tricia Gloria Nabaye, about the project’s journey and next steps.
Kenya recently saw massive protests around gender-based violence. Magege and Nabaye say that what was happening in Kenya was familiar in Uganda – femicides and gender-based violence on women journalists as well as other women. Pollicy was familiar with the issues faced by women in media, such as how many journalists have become freelancers over the last few years. While this gives them independence, it also removes the security of being attached to media houses. The question Pollicy asks is if women journalists in Kenya had safety from gender-based violence even when they were attached to media houses.
For journalists, gendered disinformation campaigns are especially effective when combined with other forms of attacks, such as online abuse and harassment, which aim at silencing their voice in public ~@ggithaiga @KICTANet #IWD23 #FutureOfWork @FNF_EastAfrica @PollicyOrg pic.twitter.com/zMXDgqqDEU
— IAWRT-Kenya (@IawrtK) March 1, 2023
A big focus of Pollicy’s work in this area has been to look for solutions for the problem of where can women report cases of misinformation and digital harassments. “Cyber security departments in police stations, the gender desk – we looked into that and tried to see how effective they really were. Not very effective,” said Magege. “The implementation of many cybersecurity laws for the protection of women is still very, very poor. So that would be an interesting angle for the future – to look into more in terms of the legal remedies and spaces where they can report.”
The election processes in countries like Tanzania and Kenya highlight the importance of empowering media professionals to navigate the complexities of reporting and ensuring accountability. Pollicy’s project aims to increase its presence and collaborate with organizations across Africa, aligning with its organisational mission as an African-based institution dedicated to promoting a safer and more inclusive media landscape.
Innovative tools and collaborative relationshipsOne interesting by-product of the project has been “My Data”, a card game developed by Pollicy as a creative tool for training sessions on data protection and digital rights. As Neema Iyer, founder and former executive director of Pollicy writes, it has been an organisational tradition to play “Otyo, a Uganda-specific Taboo-like game at all our gatherings and retreats, where things often get heated and hectic.” Iyer and Phillip Ayazika, Director of Programs at Pollicy, co-developed the card game. Iyer writes that a player needs to make “headway by successfully navigating through the challenges and making wise choices to protect your data.” Each card offers a familiar data privacy or security scenario – scams, surveillance, hacking, password, phishing, etc.
Participants at Forum on Internet Freedom in Africa (FIFAfrica) 2023 play the “Where's My Data” card game. Image via Neema Iyer's website.“It's a creative way of helping a person remember, ‘Oh, when this happens, it’s a data breach. Or ‘What sites am I using for fact-checking? Did I just use fake news?’ Easier than me coming with slides for training,” laughs Nabaye. They tested their card game at the Africa Internet Governance Forum and at the Forum of Internet Freedom in Africa in 2023, both forums at which the game was very well-received. Pollicy has also designed an online game addressing disinformation called Choose Your Own Fake News, and participants at the two-day workshop also played another game called Digital Safe-Tea.
Magege noted that one of the project’s highlights for her has been the building of collaborative relationships. She spoke of Cecilia Maundu, a broadcast journalist and specialist in gender digital security training in Kenya. “When we interacted with Cecilia, she had just begun to host a podcast called Digital Data Podcast and exploring digital rights training. Today she is a full-fledged trainer. She continues to empower women through digital skills trainings, through digital storytelling and creative writing workshops. In our collaboration with Digital Data and Cecilia Maundu, there is growth and change within the space even in the last few years – such as the existence now of generative AI in newsrooms which is contextually unregulated. We are glad to see the work continue.” Through the project's engagement, Maundu became actively involved in digital rights work and has since become a full-time trainer, conducting workshops on these topics. Magege added, “We're trying to make sure that there is longevity long after the consultations and the trainings, making sure that communities are brought together in what we've termed ‘communities of practice to continue the work’ and to build networks.”
The project's impact has also extended beyond just workshops in the form of collaborations with media associations, including through panel discussions, debates, and podcasts, ensuring that the dialogue on misinformation, tech-facilitated gender-based violence and women's issues in media remained ongoing. The project itself continues to grow across the continent. Pollicy has just finished focus group discussions in Uganda, Kenya and Cameroon and are planning discussions for Senegal, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Mozambique. They plan to release an Afro Feminist Internet Scorecard that will inform their interventions in each of these countries. The scorecard, along with Pollicy’s Afro Feminist Internet Awards, will be launched at their Data Fest event in Kenya in mid-July.
As someone who hoped that the Pollicy workshop would give her skills that she could share with colleagues, Raylenne Kambua at IAWRT-K came away hopeful. The workshop encouraged her to take the first step to create a safe environment. “Digital safety starts with you,” concluded Kambua. “If I don’t do it, then my neighbour won’t either.”
Cover image via Raylenne Kambua at International Association of Women in Radio and Television-Kenya (IAWRT-K)
Gaurav Jain is Lead Editor at APC. He is an award-winning editor, writer and media entrepreneur who co-founded a feminist digital media site and an independent longform media house. He has also been a content and community consultant, literary and investigative journalist, and research manager.
Regions Africa Topics Capacity building Feminist internet Freedom of expression Tags Areas of work Feminist internet Human rights Column Seeding change OnSeeding Change: Collaborations are key to enabling digital safety for African women
Raylenne Kambua, a journalist and communications officer at APC network member International Association of Women in Radio and Television-Kenya (IAWRT-K), worried about digital safety. On 28 February and 1 March 2023, Kambua attended a two-day workshop organised by another APC member, Pollicy. She had signed up because she wanted to learn skills to manage the toxicity of social media. After the workshop, she came away thinking hard about the idea of digital resilience.
This was exactly what Pollicy hoped to do. Kambua was one of about 50 journalists and social communicators from Uganda and Kenya who attended the workshop that arose out of Pollicy’s project, “The Future of Work: Improving Digital Safety for Women at Work and Combating Gendered Disinformation”. The project, supported by an APC grant, aims to build a critical mass of African women who are well-versed in digital safety, resilience and shaping a feminist internet. “When women face harassment, they feel forced to leave digital spaces,” said Kambua as she recalled the workshop. “The idea of developing digital resilience was a key takeaway.”
So what does digital resilience look like? Kambua’s response was thoughtful. “As a woman journalist, you say something. Women journalists are considered ‘vocal’. If people react to what I say online, I should step back and analyse the situation – and not react with anger or other emotions. Some of these people are just keyboard warriors. One should not be scared. Being cautious, being aware of reactions to what you say, also builds resilience. It is learnt from how you respond to abuse online. It determines the impact on you for the future. It’s a long process.”
She also spoke about actions she has taken to change online behaviour since the workshop. “Sometimes I am a content consumer and sometimes a producer. We have to be considerate. I shouldn’t bully people online, and then expect people to not be bullied. I have many friends who are Twitter influencers. I told some of them [who bully others online] not to do it. I explained how it creates a cycle and encourages others to harass people online. Some friends listened and some didn’t.” She shrugged. “For some of them all publicity is good, even bad publicity.”
Empowering women journalists in East AfricaPollicy has collaborated with organisations in Uganda and Kenya such as the IAWRT-K, Kenya, the Uganda Media Women’s Association (UMWA) and the Association of Media Women in Kenya (AMWIK) to understand how women in media can “survive the realities of the future of work”. We spoke with Pollicy’s programs coordinator, Rachel Magege, and their engagment and advocacy lead, Tricia Gloria Nabaye, about the project’s journey and next steps.
Kenya recently saw massive protests around gender-based violence. Magege and Nabaye say that what was happening in Kenya was familiar in Uganda – femicides and gender-based violence on women journalists as well as other women. Pollicy was familiar with the issues faced by women in media, such as how many journalists have become freelancers over the last few years. While this gives them independence, it also removes the security of being attached to media houses. The question Pollicy asks is if women journalists in Kenya had safety from gender-based violence even when they were attached to media houses.
For journalists, gendered disinformation campaigns are especially effective when combined with other forms of attacks, such as online abuse and harassment, which aim at silencing their voice in public ~@ggithaiga @KICTANet #IWD23 #FutureOfWork @FNF_EastAfrica @PollicyOrg pic.twitter.com/zMXDgqqDEU
— IAWRT-Kenya (@IawrtK) March 1, 2023
A big focus of Pollicy’s work in this area has been to look for solutions for the problem of where can women report cases of misinformation and digital harassments. “Cyber security departments in police stations, the gender desk – we looked into that and tried to see how effective they really were. Not very effective,” said Magege. “The implementation of many cybersecurity laws for the protection of women is still very, very poor. So that would be an interesting angle for the future – to look into more in terms of the legal remedies and spaces where they can report.”
The election processes in countries like Tanzania and Kenya highlight the importance of empowering media professionals to navigate the complexities of reporting and ensuring accountability. Pollicy’s project aims to increase its presence and collaborate with organizations across Africa, aligning with its organisational mission as an African-based institution dedicated to promoting a safer and more inclusive media landscape.
Innovative tools and collaborative relationshipsOne interesting by-product of the project has been “My Data”, a card game developed by Pollicy as a creative tool for training sessions on data protection and digital rights. As Neema Iyer, founder and former executive director of Pollicy writes, it has been an organisational tradition to play “Otyo, a Uganda-specific Taboo-like game at all our gatherings and retreats, where things often get heated and hectic.” Iyer and Phillip Ayazika, Director of Programs at Pollicy, co-developed the card game. Iyer writes that a player needs to make “headway by successfully navigating through the challenges and making wise choices to protect your data.” Each card offers a familiar data privacy or security scenario – scams, surveillance, hacking, password, phishing, etc.
Participants at Forum on Internet Freedom in Africa (FIFAfrica) 2023 play the “Where's My Data” card game. Image via Neema Iyer's website.“It's a creative way of helping a person remember, ‘Oh, when this happens, it’s a data breach. Or ‘What sites am I using for fact-checking? Did I just use fake news?’ Easier than me coming with slides for training,” laughs Nabaye. They tested their card game at the Africa Internet Governance Forum and at the Forum of Internet Freedom in Africa in 2023, both forums at which the game was very well-received. Pollicy has also designed an online game addressing disinformation called Choose Your Own Fake News, and participants at the two-day workshop also played another game called Digital Safe-Tea.
Magege noted that one of the project’s highlights for her has been the building of collaborative relationships. She spoke of Cecilia Maundu, a broadcast journalist and specialist in gender digital security training in Kenya. “When we interacted with Cecilia, she had just begun to host a podcast called Digital Data Podcast and exploring digital rights training. Today she is a full-fledged trainer. She continues to empower women through digital skills trainings, through digital storytelling and creative writing workshops. In our collaboration with Digital Data and Cecilia Maundu, there is growth and change within the space even in the last few years – such as the existence now of generative AI in newsrooms which is contextually unregulated. We are glad to see the work continue.” Through the project's engagement, Maundu became actively involved in digital rights work and has since become a full-time trainer, conducting workshops on these topics. Magege added, “We're trying to make sure that there is longevity long after the consultations and the trainings, making sure that communities are brought together in what we've termed ‘communities of practice to continue the work’ and to build networks.”
The project's impact has also extended beyond just workshops in the form of collaborations with media associations, including through panel discussions, debates, and podcasts, ensuring that the dialogue on misinformation, tech-facilitated gender-based violence and women's issues in media remained ongoing. The project itself continues to grow across the continent. Pollicy has just finished focus group discussions in Uganda, Kenya and Cameroon and are planning discussions for Senegal, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Mozambique. They plan to release an Afro Feminist Internet Scorecard that will inform their interventions in each of these countries. The scorecard, along with Pollicy’s Afro Feminist Internet Awards, will be launched at their Data Fest event in Kenya in mid-July.
As someone who hoped that the Pollicy workshop would give her skills that she could share with colleagues, Raylenne Kambua at IAWRT-K came away hopeful. The workshop encouraged her to take the first step to create a safe environment. “Digital safety starts with you,” concluded Kambua. “If I don’t do it, then my neighbour won’t either.”
Cover image via Raylenne Kambua at International Association of Women in Radio and Television-Kenya (IAWRT-K)
Gaurav Jain is Lead Editor at APC. He is an award-winning editor, writer and media entrepreneur who co-founded a feminist digital media site and an independent longform media house. He has also been a content and community consultant, literary and investigative journalist, and research manager.
Regions Africa Topics Capacity building Feminist internet Freedom of expression Tags Areas of work Feminist internet Human rights Column Seeding change OnHow disinformation targets women and environmental journalists
How disinformation targets women and environmental journalists
How disinformation targets women and environmental journalists
How disinformation targets women and environmental journalists
How disinformation targets women and environmental journalists
In a recent survey carried out with women journalists by UNESCO and the International Center for Journalists (ICFJ), 73% of the respondents (n=456) who identified as women said they had experienced online violence in the course of their work. The Troll Patrol project, a collaboration between Amnesty International and Element AI, surveyed millions of tweets received by 778 journalists and politicians from the UK and US over the period of one year and found that 7.1% of the tweets sent to these women were “problematic” or “abusive”. This amounted to 1.1 million tweets mentioning 778 women across the entire year, or one every 30 seconds. Plan International interviewed 14,000 girls across 31 countries in the study Free to Be Online? and concluded: "Girls are targeted online just because they are young and female, and if they are politically outspoken, disabled, Black or identify as LGBTIQ+, it gets worse. [...] Like street harassment it is unremitting, often psychologically damaging and can lead to actual physical harm."
The evidence of a grave problem is overwhelming. The Association for Progressive Communications (APC) has worked to render visible the impact of technology- facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) for more than two decades. We have worked with women’s organisations and advocates to identify, monitor, analyse and combat uses of the internet and digital technologies that are harmful to women and marginalised communities, and with individual internet users to assist them in using technology to document and combat TFGBV and challenge harmful sexist online practices. We have also advocated for internet policies and regulations that enable the expression, protection and promotion of human rights, women’s rights, and the rights of people of diverse sexualities to both states and private sector actors.
Over the past few years in particular, we have seen how online TFGBV has moved from a peripheral discussion in both the women’s rights and internet rights communities to occupying a central space in conversations about a free and open internet.
TFGBV is part of the continuum of offline-online gender-based violence and, as such, occurs in all countries, contexts and settings; it is a pervasive violation of human rights, and is a “manifestation of the historically unequal power relations between women and men and systemic gender-based discrimination.” With advances in technology and our changing relationships with it, however, the concrete manifestations of TFGBV have also evolved. One of these manifestations that deserves special attention today, in APC’s view, is gendered disinformation.
In order to better capture the variety of problems women and gender-diverse people face when expressing their views and opinions, APC co-organised a series of consultations during 2023 to collect further information on their lived experiences, in different cultures and geographies. These in-depth conversations pointed to the fact that gender-based violence, hate speech and disinformation are different challenges that sometimes overlap, and that intersecting areas have been abused and used as an excuse to limit expression that is legitimate or legally protected – including expression on gender-related issues. At the same time, cases that amount to incitement to hatred, discrimination and violence have not been duly investigated and punished.
The relationship between these concepts – online gender-based violence, disinformation and hate speech – is complex and multilayered. One reason for this is that, more than mere theoretical concepts, they reflect the many imbricated manifestations of discrimination, inequality and violence that women and gender- diverse individuals experience day after day. Despite these compounding layers of complexity, however, it is important to recognise gendered disinformation as a specific phenomenon that lies at the intersections of different concepts and that should be made explicit if better responses to address it are to be developed.
There is no one definition of gendered disinformation that is broadly agreed on or commonly accepted. The term is often used interchangeably with TFGBV, or is referred to as the gender dimensions of disinformation. Disinformation itself remains an expression that lacks a single agreed upon definition and is too often conflated with other concepts, such as propaganda and advocacy to incite discrimination, violence and hostility.5 The UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of expression and opinion has expressed concern with the growing use of manipulation, deception and the distortion of information, aimed at creating confusion. These conceptual challenges testify to the fact that disinformation is a multifaceted phenomenon.
APC considers it important to characterise gendered disinformation because it relates to a specific type of violation of women’s and gender-diverse people’s rights, in particular their freedom of expression, which is not properly encapsulated by other concepts. By failing to talk about gendered disinformation and trying to clarify its meaning, we may be contributing to the invisibilisation of particular situations of abuse that require specific and targeted responses.
Download the full report, Placing "gender" in disinformation, here.
APC-wide activities Feminist internet Human rights Topic Feminist internet Freedom of expression Human rights and ICTs Internet governance Security and privacy Region Global Tags
How disinformation targets women and environmental journalists
In a recent survey carried out with women journalists by UNESCO and the International Center for Journalists (ICFJ), 73% of the respondents (n=456) who identified as women said they had experienced online violence in the course of their work. The Troll Patrol project, a collaboration between Amnesty International and Element AI, surveyed millions of tweets received by 778 journalists and politicians from the UK and US over the period of one year and found that 7.1% of the tweets sent to these women were “problematic” or “abusive”. This amounted to 1.1 million tweets mentioning 778 women across the entire year, or one every 30 seconds. Plan International interviewed 14,000 girls across 31 countries in the study Free to Be Online? and concluded: "Girls are targeted online just because they are young and female, and if they are politically outspoken, disabled, Black or identify as LGBTIQ+, it gets worse. [...] Like street harassment it is unremitting, often psychologically damaging and can lead to actual physical harm."
The evidence of a grave problem is overwhelming. The Association for Progressive Communications (APC) has worked to render visible the impact of technology- facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) for more than two decades. We have worked with women’s organisations and advocates to identify, monitor, analyse and combat uses of the internet and digital technologies that are harmful to women and marginalised communities, and with individual internet users to assist them in using technology to document and combat TFGBV and challenge harmful sexist online practices. We have also advocated for internet policies and regulations that enable the expression, protection and promotion of human rights, women’s rights, and the rights of people of diverse sexualities to both states and private sector actors.
Over the past few years in particular, we have seen how online TFGBV has moved from a peripheral discussion in both the women’s rights and internet rights communities to occupying a central space in conversations about a free and open internet.
TFGBV is part of the continuum of offline-online gender-based violence and, as such, occurs in all countries, contexts and settings; it is a pervasive violation of human rights, and is a “manifestation of the historically unequal power relations between women and men and systemic gender-based discrimination.” With advances in technology and our changing relationships with it, however, the concrete manifestations of TFGBV have also evolved. One of these manifestations that deserves special attention today, in APC’s view, is gendered disinformation.
In order to better capture the variety of problems women and gender-diverse people face when expressing their views and opinions, APC co-organised a series of consultations during 2023 to collect further information on their lived experiences, in different cultures and geographies. These in-depth conversations pointed to the fact that gender-based violence, hate speech and disinformation are different challenges that sometimes overlap, and that intersecting areas have been abused and used as an excuse to limit expression that is legitimate or legally protected – including expression on gender-related issues. At the same time, cases that amount to incitement to hatred, discrimination and violence have not been duly investigated and punished.
The relationship between these concepts – online gender-based violence, disinformation and hate speech – is complex and multilayered. One reason for this is that, more than mere theoretical concepts, they reflect the many imbricated manifestations of discrimination, inequality and violence that women and gender- diverse individuals experience day after day. Despite these compounding layers of complexity, however, it is important to recognise gendered disinformation as a specific phenomenon that lies at the intersections of different concepts and that should be made explicit if better responses to address it are to be developed.
There is no one definition of gendered disinformation that is broadly agreed on or commonly accepted. The term is often used interchangeably with TFGBV, or is referred to as the gender dimensions of disinformation. Disinformation itself remains an expression that lacks a single agreed upon definition and is too often conflated with other concepts, such as propaganda and advocacy to incite discrimination, violence and hostility.5 The UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of expression and opinion has expressed concern with the growing use of manipulation, deception and the distortion of information, aimed at creating confusion. These conceptual challenges testify to the fact that disinformation is a multifaceted phenomenon.
APC considers it important to characterise gendered disinformation because it relates to a specific type of violation of women’s and gender-diverse people’s rights, in particular their freedom of expression, which is not properly encapsulated by other concepts. By failing to talk about gendered disinformation and trying to clarify its meaning, we may be contributing to the invisibilisation of particular situations of abuse that require specific and targeted responses.
Download the full report, Placing "gender" in disinformation, here.
APC-wide activities Feminist internet Human rights Topic Feminist internet Freedom of expression Human rights and ICTs Internet governance Security and privacy Region Global Tags
Why gendered disinformation is dangerous for African democracy
In a recent survey carried out with women journalists by UNESCO and the International Center for Journalists (ICFJ), 73% of the respondents (n=456) who identified as women said they had experienced online violence in the course of their work. The Troll Patrol project, a collaboration between Amnesty International and Element AI, surveyed millions of tweets received by 778 journalists and politicians from the UK and US over the period of one year and found that 7.1% of the tweets sent to these women were “problematic” or “abusive”. This amounted to 1.1 million tweets mentioning 778 women across the entire year, or one every 30 seconds. Plan International interviewed 14,000 girls across 31 countries in the study Free to Be Online? and concluded: "Girls are targeted online just because they are young and female, and if they are politically outspoken, disabled, Black or identify as LGBTIQ+, it gets worse. [...] Like street harassment it is unremitting, often psychologically damaging and can lead to actual physical harm."
The evidence of a grave problem is overwhelming. The Association for Progressive Communications (APC) has worked to render visible the impact of technology- facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) for more than two decades. We have worked with women’s organisations and advocates to identify, monitor, analyse and combat uses of the internet and digital technologies that are harmful to women and marginalised communities, and with individual internet users to assist them in using technology to document and combat TFGBV and challenge harmful sexist online practices. We have also advocated for internet policies and regulations that enable the expression, protection and promotion of human rights, women’s rights, and the rights of people of diverse sexualities to both states and private sector actors.
Over the past few years in particular, we have seen how online TFGBV has moved from a peripheral discussion in both the women’s rights and internet rights communities to occupying a central space in conversations about a free and open internet.
TFGBV is part of the continuum of offline-online gender-based violence and, as such, occurs in all countries, contexts and settings; it is a pervasive violation of human rights, and is a “manifestation of the historically unequal power relations between women and men and systemic gender-based discrimination.” With advances in technology and our changing relationships with it, however, the concrete manifestations of TFGBV have also evolved. One of these manifestations that deserves special attention today, in APC’s view, is gendered disinformation.
In order to better capture the variety of problems women and gender-diverse people face when expressing their views and opinions, APC co-organised a series of consultations during 2023 to collect further information on their lived experiences, in different cultures and geographies. These in-depth conversations pointed to the fact that gender-based violence, hate speech and disinformation are different challenges that sometimes overlap, and that intersecting areas have been abused and used as an excuse to limit expression that is legitimate or legally protected – including expression on gender-related issues. At the same time, cases that amount to incitement to hatred, discrimination and violence have not been duly investigated and punished.
The relationship between these concepts – online gender-based violence, disinformation and hate speech – is complex and multilayered. One reason for this is that, more than mere theoretical concepts, they reflect the many imbricated manifestations of discrimination, inequality and violence that women and gender- diverse individuals experience day after day. Despite these compounding layers of complexity, however, it is important to recognise gendered disinformation as a specific phenomenon that lies at the intersections of different concepts and that should be made explicit if better responses to address it are to be developed.
There is no one definition of gendered disinformation that is broadly agreed on or commonly accepted. The term is often used interchangeably with TFGBV, or is referred to as the gender dimensions of disinformation. Disinformation itself remains an expression that lacks a single agreed upon definition and is too often conflated with other concepts, such as propaganda and advocacy to incite discrimination, violence and hostility.5 The UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of expression and opinion has expressed concern with the growing use of manipulation, deception and the distortion of information, aimed at creating confusion. These conceptual challenges testify to the fact that disinformation is a multifaceted phenomenon.
APC considers it important to characterise gendered disinformation because it relates to a specific type of violation of women’s and gender-diverse people’s rights, in particular their freedom of expression, which is not properly encapsulated by other concepts. By failing to talk about gendered disinformation and trying to clarify its meaning, we may be contributing to the invisibilisation of particular situations of abuse that require specific and targeted responses.
Download the full report, Placing "gender" in disinformation, here.
APC-wide activities Feminist internet Human rights Topic Feminist internet Freedom of expression Human rights and ICTs Internet governance Security and privacy Region Global Tags
Why gendered disinformation is dangerous for African democracy
In a recent survey carried out with women journalists by UNESCO and the International Center for Journalists (ICFJ), 73% of the respondents (n=456) who identified as women said they had experienced online violence in the course of their work. The Troll Patrol project, a collaboration between Amnesty International and Element AI, surveyed millions of tweets received by 778 journalists and politicians from the UK and US over the period of one year and found that 7.1% of the tweets sent to these women were “problematic” or “abusive”. This amounted to 1.1 million tweets mentioning 778 women across the entire year, or one every 30 seconds. Plan International interviewed 14,000 girls across 31 countries in the study Free to Be Online? and concluded: "Girls are targeted online just because they are young and female, and if they are politically outspoken, disabled, Black or identify as LGBTIQ+, it gets worse. [...] Like street harassment it is unremitting, often psychologically damaging and can lead to actual physical harm."
The evidence of a grave problem is overwhelming. The Association for Progressive Communications (APC) has worked to render visible the impact of technology- facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) for more than two decades. We have worked with women’s organisations and advocates to identify, monitor, analyse and combat uses of the internet and digital technologies that are harmful to women and marginalised communities, and with individual internet users to assist them in using technology to document and combat TFGBV and challenge harmful sexist online practices. We have also advocated for internet policies and regulations that enable the expression, protection and promotion of human rights, women’s rights, and the rights of people of diverse sexualities to both states and private sector actors.
Over the past few years in particular, we have seen how online TFGBV has moved from a peripheral discussion in both the women’s rights and internet rights communities to occupying a central space in conversations about a free and open internet.
TFGBV is part of the continuum of offline-online gender-based violence and, as such, occurs in all countries, contexts and settings; it is a pervasive violation of human rights, and is a “manifestation of the historically unequal power relations between women and men and systemic gender-based discrimination.” With advances in technology and our changing relationships with it, however, the concrete manifestations of TFGBV have also evolved. One of these manifestations that deserves special attention today, in APC’s view, is gendered disinformation.
In order to better capture the variety of problems women and gender-diverse people face when expressing their views and opinions, APC co-organised a series of consultations during 2023 to collect further information on their lived experiences, in different cultures and geographies. These in-depth conversations pointed to the fact that gender-based violence, hate speech and disinformation are different challenges that sometimes overlap, and that intersecting areas have been abused and used as an excuse to limit expression that is legitimate or legally protected – including expression on gender-related issues. At the same time, cases that amount to incitement to hatred, discrimination and violence have not been duly investigated and punished.
The relationship between these concepts – online gender-based violence, disinformation and hate speech – is complex and multilayered. One reason for this is that, more than mere theoretical concepts, they reflect the many imbricated manifestations of discrimination, inequality and violence that women and gender- diverse individuals experience day after day. Despite these compounding layers of complexity, however, it is important to recognise gendered disinformation as a specific phenomenon that lies at the intersections of different concepts and that should be made explicit if better responses to address it are to be developed.
There is no one definition of gendered disinformation that is broadly agreed on or commonly accepted. The term is often used interchangeably with TFGBV, or is referred to as the gender dimensions of disinformation. Disinformation itself remains an expression that lacks a single agreed upon definition and is too often conflated with other concepts, such as propaganda and advocacy to incite discrimination, violence and hostility.5 The UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of expression and opinion has expressed concern with the growing use of manipulation, deception and the distortion of information, aimed at creating confusion. These conceptual challenges testify to the fact that disinformation is a multifaceted phenomenon.
APC considers it important to characterise gendered disinformation because it relates to a specific type of violation of women’s and gender-diverse people’s rights, in particular their freedom of expression, which is not properly encapsulated by other concepts. By failing to talk about gendered disinformation and trying to clarify its meaning, we may be contributing to the invisibilisation of particular situations of abuse that require specific and targeted responses.
Download the full report, Placing "gender" in disinformation, here.
APC-wide activities Feminist internet Human rights Topic Feminist internet Freedom of expression Human rights and ICTs Internet governance Security and privacy Region Global Tags
A new tool to help sex workers who experience violence
In a recent survey carried out with women journalists by UNESCO and the International Center for Journalists (ICFJ), 73% of the respondents (n=456) who identified as women said they had experienced online violence in the course of their work. The Troll Patrol project, a collaboration between Amnesty International and Element AI, surveyed millions of tweets received by 778 journalists and politicians from the UK and US over the period of one year and found that 7.1% of the tweets sent to these women were “problematic” or “abusive”. This amounted to 1.1 million tweets mentioning 778 women across the entire year, or one every 30 seconds. Plan International interviewed 14,000 girls across 31 countries in the study Free to Be Online? and concluded: "Girls are targeted online just because they are young and female, and if they are politically outspoken, disabled, Black or identify as LGBTIQ+, it gets worse. [...] Like street harassment it is unremitting, often psychologically damaging and can lead to actual physical harm."
The evidence of a grave problem is overwhelming. The Association for Progressive Communications (APC) has worked to render visible the impact of technology- facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) for more than two decades. We have worked with women’s organisations and advocates to identify, monitor, analyse and combat uses of the internet and digital technologies that are harmful to women and marginalised communities, and with individual internet users to assist them in using technology to document and combat TFGBV and challenge harmful sexist online practices. We have also advocated for internet policies and regulations that enable the expression, protection and promotion of human rights, women’s rights, and the rights of people of diverse sexualities to both states and private sector actors.
Over the past few years in particular, we have seen how online TFGBV has moved from a peripheral discussion in both the women’s rights and internet rights communities to occupying a central space in conversations about a free and open internet.
TFGBV is part of the continuum of offline-online gender-based violence and, as such, occurs in all countries, contexts and settings; it is a pervasive violation of human rights, and is a “manifestation of the historically unequal power relations between women and men and systemic gender-based discrimination.” With advances in technology and our changing relationships with it, however, the concrete manifestations of TFGBV have also evolved. One of these manifestations that deserves special attention today, in APC’s view, is gendered disinformation.
In order to better capture the variety of problems women and gender-diverse people face when expressing their views and opinions, APC co-organised a series of consultations during 2023 to collect further information on their lived experiences, in different cultures and geographies. These in-depth conversations pointed to the fact that gender-based violence, hate speech and disinformation are different challenges that sometimes overlap, and that intersecting areas have been abused and used as an excuse to limit expression that is legitimate or legally protected – including expression on gender-related issues. At the same time, cases that amount to incitement to hatred, discrimination and violence have not been duly investigated and punished.
The relationship between these concepts – online gender-based violence, disinformation and hate speech – is complex and multilayered. One reason for this is that, more than mere theoretical concepts, they reflect the many imbricated manifestations of discrimination, inequality and violence that women and gender- diverse individuals experience day after day. Despite these compounding layers of complexity, however, it is important to recognise gendered disinformation as a specific phenomenon that lies at the intersections of different concepts and that should be made explicit if better responses to address it are to be developed.
There is no one definition of gendered disinformation that is broadly agreed on or commonly accepted. The term is often used interchangeably with TFGBV, or is referred to as the gender dimensions of disinformation. Disinformation itself remains an expression that lacks a single agreed upon definition and is too often conflated with other concepts, such as propaganda and advocacy to incite discrimination, violence and hostility.5 The UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of expression and opinion has expressed concern with the growing use of manipulation, deception and the distortion of information, aimed at creating confusion. These conceptual challenges testify to the fact that disinformation is a multifaceted phenomenon.
APC considers it important to characterise gendered disinformation because it relates to a specific type of violation of women’s and gender-diverse people’s rights, in particular their freedom of expression, which is not properly encapsulated by other concepts. By failing to talk about gendered disinformation and trying to clarify its meaning, we may be contributing to the invisibilisation of particular situations of abuse that require specific and targeted responses.
Download the full report, Placing "gender" in disinformation, here.
APC-wide activities Feminist internet Human rights Topic Feminist internet Freedom of expression Human rights and ICTs Internet governance Security and privacy Region Global Tags
A new tool to help sex workers who experience violence
In a recent survey carried out with women journalists by UNESCO and the International Center for Journalists (ICFJ), 73% of the respondents (n=456) who identified as women said they had experienced online violence in the course of their work. The Troll Patrol project, a collaboration between Amnesty International and Element AI, surveyed millions of tweets received by 778 journalists and politicians from the UK and US over the period of one year and found that 7.1% of the tweets sent to these women were “problematic” or “abusive”. This amounted to 1.1 million tweets mentioning 778 women across the entire year, or one every 30 seconds. Plan International interviewed 14,000 girls across 31 countries in the study Free to Be Online? and concluded: "Girls are targeted online just because they are young and female, and if they are politically outspoken, disabled, Black or identify as LGBTIQ+, it gets worse. [...] Like street harassment it is unremitting, often psychologically damaging and can lead to actual physical harm."
The evidence of a grave problem is overwhelming. The Association for Progressive Communications (APC) has worked to render visible the impact of technology- facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) for more than two decades. We have worked with women’s organisations and advocates to identify, monitor, analyse and combat uses of the internet and digital technologies that are harmful to women and marginalised communities, and with individual internet users to assist them in using technology to document and combat TFGBV and challenge harmful sexist online practices. We have also advocated for internet policies and regulations that enable the expression, protection and promotion of human rights, women’s rights, and the rights of people of diverse sexualities to both states and private sector actors.
Over the past few years in particular, we have seen how online TFGBV has moved from a peripheral discussion in both the women’s rights and internet rights communities to occupying a central space in conversations about a free and open internet.
TFGBV is part of the continuum of offline-online gender-based violence and, as such, occurs in all countries, contexts and settings; it is a pervasive violation of human rights, and is a “manifestation of the historically unequal power relations between women and men and systemic gender-based discrimination.” With advances in technology and our changing relationships with it, however, the concrete manifestations of TFGBV have also evolved. One of these manifestations that deserves special attention today, in APC’s view, is gendered disinformation.
In order to better capture the variety of problems women and gender-diverse people face when expressing their views and opinions, APC co-organised a series of consultations during 2023 to collect further information on their lived experiences, in different cultures and geographies. These in-depth conversations pointed to the fact that gender-based violence, hate speech and disinformation are different challenges that sometimes overlap, and that intersecting areas have been abused and used as an excuse to limit expression that is legitimate or legally protected – including expression on gender-related issues. At the same time, cases that amount to incitement to hatred, discrimination and violence have not been duly investigated and punished.
The relationship between these concepts – online gender-based violence, disinformation and hate speech – is complex and multilayered. One reason for this is that, more than mere theoretical concepts, they reflect the many imbricated manifestations of discrimination, inequality and violence that women and gender- diverse individuals experience day after day. Despite these compounding layers of complexity, however, it is important to recognise gendered disinformation as a specific phenomenon that lies at the intersections of different concepts and that should be made explicit if better responses to address it are to be developed.
There is no one definition of gendered disinformation that is broadly agreed on or commonly accepted. The term is often used interchangeably with TFGBV, or is referred to as the gender dimensions of disinformation. Disinformation itself remains an expression that lacks a single agreed upon definition and is too often conflated with other concepts, such as propaganda and advocacy to incite discrimination, violence and hostility.5 The UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of expression and opinion has expressed concern with the growing use of manipulation, deception and the distortion of information, aimed at creating confusion. These conceptual challenges testify to the fact that disinformation is a multifaceted phenomenon.
APC considers it important to characterise gendered disinformation because it relates to a specific type of violation of women’s and gender-diverse people’s rights, in particular their freedom of expression, which is not properly encapsulated by other concepts. By failing to talk about gendered disinformation and trying to clarify its meaning, we may be contributing to the invisibilisation of particular situations of abuse that require specific and targeted responses.
Download the full report, Placing "gender" in disinformation, here.
APC-wide activities Feminist internet Human rights Topic Feminist internet Freedom of expression Human rights and ICTs Internet governance Security and privacy Region Global Tags
Exploring gender and internet governance: GISWatch 2024 Special Edition reports
In a recent survey carried out with women journalists by UNESCO and the International Center for Journalists (ICFJ), 73% of the respondents (n=456) who identified as women said they had experienced online violence in the course of their work. The Troll Patrol project, a collaboration between Amnesty International and Element AI, surveyed millions of tweets received by 778 journalists and politicians from the UK and US over the period of one year and found that 7.1% of the tweets sent to these women were “problematic” or “abusive”. This amounted to 1.1 million tweets mentioning 778 women across the entire year, or one every 30 seconds. Plan International interviewed 14,000 girls across 31 countries in the study Free to Be Online? and concluded: "Girls are targeted online just because they are young and female, and if they are politically outspoken, disabled, Black or identify as LGBTIQ+, it gets worse. [...] Like street harassment it is unremitting, often psychologically damaging and can lead to actual physical harm."
The evidence of a grave problem is overwhelming. The Association for Progressive Communications (APC) has worked to render visible the impact of technology- facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) for more than two decades. We have worked with women’s organisations and advocates to identify, monitor, analyse and combat uses of the internet and digital technologies that are harmful to women and marginalised communities, and with individual internet users to assist them in using technology to document and combat TFGBV and challenge harmful sexist online practices. We have also advocated for internet policies and regulations that enable the expression, protection and promotion of human rights, women’s rights, and the rights of people of diverse sexualities to both states and private sector actors.
Over the past few years in particular, we have seen how online TFGBV has moved from a peripheral discussion in both the women’s rights and internet rights communities to occupying a central space in conversations about a free and open internet.
TFGBV is part of the continuum of offline-online gender-based violence and, as such, occurs in all countries, contexts and settings; it is a pervasive violation of human rights, and is a “manifestation of the historically unequal power relations between women and men and systemic gender-based discrimination.” With advances in technology and our changing relationships with it, however, the concrete manifestations of TFGBV have also evolved. One of these manifestations that deserves special attention today, in APC’s view, is gendered disinformation.
In order to better capture the variety of problems women and gender-diverse people face when expressing their views and opinions, APC co-organised a series of consultations during 2023 to collect further information on their lived experiences, in different cultures and geographies. These in-depth conversations pointed to the fact that gender-based violence, hate speech and disinformation are different challenges that sometimes overlap, and that intersecting areas have been abused and used as an excuse to limit expression that is legitimate or legally protected – including expression on gender-related issues. At the same time, cases that amount to incitement to hatred, discrimination and violence have not been duly investigated and punished.
The relationship between these concepts – online gender-based violence, disinformation and hate speech – is complex and multilayered. One reason for this is that, more than mere theoretical concepts, they reflect the many imbricated manifestations of discrimination, inequality and violence that women and gender- diverse individuals experience day after day. Despite these compounding layers of complexity, however, it is important to recognise gendered disinformation as a specific phenomenon that lies at the intersections of different concepts and that should be made explicit if better responses to address it are to be developed.
There is no one definition of gendered disinformation that is broadly agreed on or commonly accepted. The term is often used interchangeably with TFGBV, or is referred to as the gender dimensions of disinformation. Disinformation itself remains an expression that lacks a single agreed upon definition and is too often conflated with other concepts, such as propaganda and advocacy to incite discrimination, violence and hostility.5 The UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of expression and opinion has expressed concern with the growing use of manipulation, deception and the distortion of information, aimed at creating confusion. These conceptual challenges testify to the fact that disinformation is a multifaceted phenomenon.
APC considers it important to characterise gendered disinformation because it relates to a specific type of violation of women’s and gender-diverse people’s rights, in particular their freedom of expression, which is not properly encapsulated by other concepts. By failing to talk about gendered disinformation and trying to clarify its meaning, we may be contributing to the invisibilisation of particular situations of abuse that require specific and targeted responses.
Download the full report, Placing "gender" in disinformation, here.
APC-wide activities Feminist internet Human rights Topic Feminist internet Freedom of expression Human rights and ICTs Internet governance Security and privacy Region Global Tags
Exploring gender and internet governance: GISWatch 2024 Special Edition reports
In a recent survey carried out with women journalists by UNESCO and the International Center for Journalists (ICFJ), 73% of the respondents (n=456) who identified as women said they had experienced online violence in the course of their work. The Troll Patrol project, a collaboration between Amnesty International and Element AI, surveyed millions of tweets received by 778 journalists and politicians from the UK and US over the period of one year and found that 7.1% of the tweets sent to these women were “problematic” or “abusive”. This amounted to 1.1 million tweets mentioning 778 women across the entire year, or one every 30 seconds. Plan International interviewed 14,000 girls across 31 countries in the study Free to Be Online? and concluded: "Girls are targeted online just because they are young and female, and if they are politically outspoken, disabled, Black or identify as LGBTIQ+, it gets worse. [...] Like street harassment it is unremitting, often psychologically damaging and can lead to actual physical harm."
The evidence of a grave problem is overwhelming. The Association for Progressive Communications (APC) has worked to render visible the impact of technology- facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) for more than two decades. We have worked with women’s organisations and advocates to identify, monitor, analyse and combat uses of the internet and digital technologies that are harmful to women and marginalised communities, and with individual internet users to assist them in using technology to document and combat TFGBV and challenge harmful sexist online practices. We have also advocated for internet policies and regulations that enable the expression, protection and promotion of human rights, women’s rights, and the rights of people of diverse sexualities to both states and private sector actors.
Over the past few years in particular, we have seen how online TFGBV has moved from a peripheral discussion in both the women’s rights and internet rights communities to occupying a central space in conversations about a free and open internet.
TFGBV is part of the continuum of offline-online gender-based violence and, as such, occurs in all countries, contexts and settings; it is a pervasive violation of human rights, and is a “manifestation of the historically unequal power relations between women and men and systemic gender-based discrimination.” With advances in technology and our changing relationships with it, however, the concrete manifestations of TFGBV have also evolved. One of these manifestations that deserves special attention today, in APC’s view, is gendered disinformation.
In order to better capture the variety of problems women and gender-diverse people face when expressing their views and opinions, APC co-organised a series of consultations during 2023 to collect further information on their lived experiences, in different cultures and geographies. These in-depth conversations pointed to the fact that gender-based violence, hate speech and disinformation are different challenges that sometimes overlap, and that intersecting areas have been abused and used as an excuse to limit expression that is legitimate or legally protected – including expression on gender-related issues. At the same time, cases that amount to incitement to hatred, discrimination and violence have not been duly investigated and punished.
The relationship between these concepts – online gender-based violence, disinformation and hate speech – is complex and multilayered. One reason for this is that, more than mere theoretical concepts, they reflect the many imbricated manifestations of discrimination, inequality and violence that women and gender- diverse individuals experience day after day. Despite these compounding layers of complexity, however, it is important to recognise gendered disinformation as a specific phenomenon that lies at the intersections of different concepts and that should be made explicit if better responses to address it are to be developed.
There is no one definition of gendered disinformation that is broadly agreed on or commonly accepted. The term is often used interchangeably with TFGBV, or is referred to as the gender dimensions of disinformation. Disinformation itself remains an expression that lacks a single agreed upon definition and is too often conflated with other concepts, such as propaganda and advocacy to incite discrimination, violence and hostility.5 The UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of expression and opinion has expressed concern with the growing use of manipulation, deception and the distortion of information, aimed at creating confusion. These conceptual challenges testify to the fact that disinformation is a multifaceted phenomenon.
APC considers it important to characterise gendered disinformation because it relates to a specific type of violation of women’s and gender-diverse people’s rights, in particular their freedom of expression, which is not properly encapsulated by other concepts. By failing to talk about gendered disinformation and trying to clarify its meaning, we may be contributing to the invisibilisation of particular situations of abuse that require specific and targeted responses.
Download the full report, Placing "gender" in disinformation, here.
APC-wide activities Feminist internet Human rights Topic Feminist internet Freedom of expression Human rights and ICTs Internet governance Security and privacy Region Global Tags
Placing "gender" in disinformation
In a recent survey carried out with women journalists by UNESCO and the International Center for Journalists (ICFJ), 73% of the respondents (n=456) who identified as women said they had experienced online violence in the course of their work. The Troll Patrol project, a collaboration between Amnesty International and Element AI, surveyed millions of tweets received by 778 journalists and politicians from the UK and US over the period of one year and found that 7.1% of the tweets sent to these women were “problematic” or “abusive”. This amounted to 1.1 million tweets mentioning 778 women across the entire year, or one every 30 seconds. Plan International interviewed 14,000 girls across 31 countries in the study Free to Be Online? and concluded: "Girls are targeted online just because they are young and female, and if they are politically outspoken, disabled, Black or identify as LGBTIQ+, it gets worse. [...] Like street harassment it is unremitting, often psychologically damaging and can lead to actual physical harm."
The evidence of a grave problem is overwhelming. The Association for Progressive Communications (APC) has worked to render visible the impact of technology- facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) for more than two decades. We have worked with women’s organisations and advocates to identify, monitor, analyse and combat uses of the internet and digital technologies that are harmful to women and marginalised communities, and with individual internet users to assist them in using technology to document and combat TFGBV and challenge harmful sexist online practices. We have also advocated for internet policies and regulations that enable the expression, protection and promotion of human rights, women’s rights, and the rights of people of diverse sexualities to both states and private sector actors.
Over the past few years in particular, we have seen how online TFGBV has moved from a peripheral discussion in both the women’s rights and internet rights communities to occupying a central space in conversations about a free and open internet.
TFGBV is part of the continuum of offline-online gender-based violence and, as such, occurs in all countries, contexts and settings; it is a pervasive violation of human rights, and is a “manifestation of the historically unequal power relations between women and men and systemic gender-based discrimination.” With advances in technology and our changing relationships with it, however, the concrete manifestations of TFGBV have also evolved. One of these manifestations that deserves special attention today, in APC’s view, is gendered disinformation.
In order to better capture the variety of problems women and gender-diverse people face when expressing their views and opinions, APC co-organised a series of consultations during 2023 to collect further information on their lived experiences, in different cultures and geographies. These in-depth conversations pointed to the fact that gender-based violence, hate speech and disinformation are different challenges that sometimes overlap, and that intersecting areas have been abused and used as an excuse to limit expression that is legitimate or legally protected – including expression on gender-related issues. At the same time, cases that amount to incitement to hatred, discrimination and violence have not been duly investigated and punished.
The relationship between these concepts – online gender-based violence, disinformation and hate speech – is complex and multilayered. One reason for this is that, more than mere theoretical concepts, they reflect the many imbricated manifestations of discrimination, inequality and violence that women and gender- diverse individuals experience day after day. Despite these compounding layers of complexity, however, it is important to recognise gendered disinformation as a specific phenomenon that lies at the intersections of different concepts and that should be made explicit if better responses to address it are to be developed.
There is no one definition of gendered disinformation that is broadly agreed on or commonly accepted. The term is often used interchangeably with TFGBV, or is referred to as the gender dimensions of disinformation. Disinformation itself remains an expression that lacks a single agreed upon definition and is too often conflated with other concepts, such as propaganda and advocacy to incite discrimination, violence and hostility.5 The UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of expression and opinion has expressed concern with the growing use of manipulation, deception and the distortion of information, aimed at creating confusion. These conceptual challenges testify to the fact that disinformation is a multifaceted phenomenon.
APC considers it important to characterise gendered disinformation because it relates to a specific type of violation of women’s and gender-diverse people’s rights, in particular their freedom of expression, which is not properly encapsulated by other concepts. By failing to talk about gendered disinformation and trying to clarify its meaning, we may be contributing to the invisibilisation of particular situations of abuse that require specific and targeted responses.
Download the full report, Placing "gender" in disinformation, here.
APC-wide activities Feminist internet Human rights Topic Feminist internet Freedom of expression Human rights and ICTs Internet governance Security and privacy Region Global Tags
Placing "gender" in disinformation
In a recent survey carried out with women journalists by UNESCO and the International Center for Journalists (ICFJ), 73% of the respondents (n=456) who identified as women said they had experienced online violence in the course of their work. The Troll Patrol project, a collaboration between Amnesty International and Element AI, surveyed millions of tweets received by 778 journalists and politicians from the UK and US over the period of one year and found that 7.1% of the tweets sent to these women were “problematic” or “abusive”. This amounted to 1.1 million tweets mentioning 778 women across the entire year, or one every 30 seconds. Plan International interviewed 14,000 girls across 31 countries in the study Free to Be Online? and concluded: "Girls are targeted online just because they are young and female, and if they are politically outspoken, disabled, Black or identify as LGBTIQ+, it gets worse. [...] Like street harassment it is unremitting, often psychologically damaging and can lead to actual physical harm."
The evidence of a grave problem is overwhelming. The Association for Progressive Communications (APC) has worked to render visible the impact of technology- facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) for more than two decades. We have worked with women’s organisations and advocates to identify, monitor, analyse and combat uses of the internet and digital technologies that are harmful to women and marginalised communities, and with individual internet users to assist them in using technology to document and combat TFGBV and challenge harmful sexist online practices. We have also advocated for internet policies and regulations that enable the expression, protection and promotion of human rights, women’s rights, and the rights of people of diverse sexualities to both states and private sector actors.
Over the past few years in particular, we have seen how online TFGBV has moved from a peripheral discussion in both the women’s rights and internet rights communities to occupying a central space in conversations about a free and open internet.
TFGBV is part of the continuum of offline-online gender-based violence and, as such, occurs in all countries, contexts and settings; it is a pervasive violation of human rights, and is a “manifestation of the historically unequal power relations between women and men and systemic gender-based discrimination.” With advances in technology and our changing relationships with it, however, the concrete manifestations of TFGBV have also evolved. One of these manifestations that deserves special attention today, in APC’s view, is gendered disinformation.
In order to better capture the variety of problems women and gender-diverse people face when expressing their views and opinions, APC co-organised a series of consultations during 2023 to collect further information on their lived experiences, in different cultures and geographies. These in-depth conversations pointed to the fact that gender-based violence, hate speech and disinformation are different challenges that sometimes overlap, and that intersecting areas have been abused and used as an excuse to limit expression that is legitimate or legally protected – including expression on gender-related issues. At the same time, cases that amount to incitement to hatred, discrimination and violence have not been duly investigated and punished.
The relationship between these concepts – online gender-based violence, disinformation and hate speech – is complex and multilayered. One reason for this is that, more than mere theoretical concepts, they reflect the many imbricated manifestations of discrimination, inequality and violence that women and gender- diverse individuals experience day after day. Despite these compounding layers of complexity, however, it is important to recognise gendered disinformation as a specific phenomenon that lies at the intersections of different concepts and that should be made explicit if better responses to address it are to be developed.
There is no one definition of gendered disinformation that is broadly agreed on or commonly accepted. The term is often used interchangeably with TFGBV, or is referred to as the gender dimensions of disinformation. Disinformation itself remains an expression that lacks a single agreed upon definition and is too often conflated with other concepts, such as propaganda and advocacy to incite discrimination, violence and hostility.5 The UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of expression and opinion has expressed concern with the growing use of manipulation, deception and the distortion of information, aimed at creating confusion. These conceptual challenges testify to the fact that disinformation is a multifaceted phenomenon.
APC considers it important to characterise gendered disinformation because it relates to a specific type of violation of women’s and gender-diverse people’s rights, in particular their freedom of expression, which is not properly encapsulated by other concepts. By failing to talk about gendered disinformation and trying to clarify its meaning, we may be contributing to the invisibilisation of particular situations of abuse that require specific and targeted responses.
Download the full report, Placing "gender" in disinformation, here.
APC-wide activities Feminist internet Human rights Topic Feminist internet Freedom of expression Human rights and ICTs Internet governance Security and privacy Region Global Tags
Asociación para el Progreso de las Comunicaciones (APC) 2022
Si no se dispone lo contrario, el contenido del sitio web de APC se encuentra bajo la licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)